2009/11/01 258. zenbakia

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Skyscrapers, where is the limit?

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(Photo: Joi Ito)

Burj Dubai is making the latest tweaks. It is the tallest building in the world, with more than eight hundred meters high. Beside it the Petronas towers or the Taipei 101 giants remained small. To make an idea, Burj Dubai has the height of the Eiffel Tower over Taipei 101. But how long will the hegemony of Burj Dubai last? Not much if we look at the projects underway.

Ten years later, Burj Dubai will be fourth on the list of tallest buildings. And in the three projects ahead they want to exceed a thousand meters. The CTBUH (Council of Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat) establishes the official height of the buildings, and in the list "20 highest in 2020" it has published, appear first the Nakheel tower of Dubai and another tower of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. The first is under construction and the other two are only projects, but solid projects, as they have been listed by the CTBUH.

Buildings of a thousand meters, a kilometer in length. Are there no limits to building vertically? According to architect Iñaki Aurrekoetxea, "it cannot be an endless thing, construction always has disabilities and limitations. Technology advances and that gives more capacity, but there is a limit." Aurrecoechea believes that Burj Dubai is close to the border, "a thousand meters seems to me a barbarity: a thousand meters is huge". Aurrecoechea points to the "functionality, communication and supply" of the building as a milestone.

Millenium Tower Draft by architect Norman Foster (Tokyo, 1989). This tower is a pioneer in building city design. Ed. : Foster+Partners.

Water supply, flow and ventilation of clean, smooth waters are an important part of the design of a skyscraper and, of course, communication. "He thinks people have to move inside," says Aurrecoechea: "When you are on the 300th floor and want to get off, what should you do? Communications end up being a large part of the tall towers."

Attacks, earthquakes and wind

The design of the new New York skyline is the image, but it doesn't seem to go ahead. Ed. : Foster+Partners.

In 2001, the attack on the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York showed that tall buildings were not prepared for emergency situations. "I believe that urgency is a milestone. Imagine that firefighters reach 50-60 meters, and from there everything is a miracle," says Aurrecoechea. In the new towers special emphasis has been placed on emergency systems: special elevators have been enabled for evacuation, use rooms have been designed in case of fire, but the evacuation of a building of these characteristics is very complicated.

An emergency situation may be due to an attack, fire or earthquake. In principle, an earthquake is especially dangerous for the skyscraper; the higher the building, the greater the risk. But William F, head of structural engineering at Burj Dubai. Baker says an earthquake would not seriously affect Burj Dubai: "As in most tall buildings, the long period of vibration of Burj Dubai and the high frequency vibrations of earthquakes are slightly different."

However, the main enemy of skyscrapers is more common than earthquakes. It is wind. According to Aurrecoechea, "both to build and to live: the wind pressure is much greater than below, and if you open the window, you just can't close it." Therefore, from a certain height the windows cannot be opened. "In the end it can be like a glass cage. Everything is closed and the installation must work mechanically: ventilation fans, filters, air conditioning, etc."

The Biscayan director architect Iñaki Aurrecoechea (Zamudio, 1953) began his studies of Architecture in Madrid, but in 1977 he did so in San Sebastian to create, together with some of his colleagues, a special room dependent on the University of Barcelona, which later would be the School of Architecture of the UPV. AI + B (I. Aurrekoetxea and partners S.L.) leads the architectural team and among the projects that have taken forward are Isozaki Atea (in collaboration with the architect Arata Isozaki) and the planetarium of Pamplona, to name a few. His works are collected in various publications, both nationally and internationally, and have received numerous awards and special mentions. ED. : Iñaki Aurrekoetxea.

The influence of the wind is also taken into account in the structural design of a skyscraper. The deputy director of Dubai, Greg Sand Burj, assures that "in the design of the structure predominates the force of the wind. The tests have been done in wind tunnel, using models of winds that Burj Dubai will have to withstand throughout his life. The initial design was carried out according to the results of wind tunnel tests."

Against movements caused by wind and earthquakes, the tallest buildings are equipped with large dampers. The most common are based on loads that slide over a tray. But there are other systems. The most curious thing is the damping system of Taipei 101: It is a huge counterweight of 730 tons, a sphere made up of metal plates, located between floors 88 and 92, and the most surprising, have put it in sight of the public. Thanks to this huge counterweight, Taipei 101 can withstand 200 kilometers per hour of wind (to combat Taiwan typhoons) and a force 7 earthquake on the Richter scale.

Another curiosity related to Taipei 101 is that it has the fastest elevator in the world, with a distance of 1.010 meters per minute. That is, to ascend to plant 89 (382.2 meters) only requires 22.7 seconds. But going too fast can cause discomfort; a sudden change of pressure, among other things, closes the ears. Therefore, the lift has an atmospheric pressure regulation system.

Urban limitations

Ariadna Alvarez (Barcelona, 1967) is an architect and writer. He studied basic studies and doctorate at the School of Architecture of Barcelona. He has specialized in skyscrapers. Periodicals in press and specialized magazines. And he has published two books on contemporary architecture: Skyscrapers and Skyscraper Architects.

The architect Ariadna Alvarez found the skyscrapers especially interesting. In addition to his research topic, he has published two books on skyscrapers.

"Some skyscrapers are classics of modern architecture such as the Hanckock tower of Mies or SOM, the Petronas towers of Pelli or the Crysler or the Rockefeller Center. I think they are very interesting buildings as works of architecture, even because they are icons, and because they are also works of art, giant sculptures".

The height of the skyscrapers for Álvarez is a subject of reflection. As for technology, it does not see limits to vertical construction, for the moment, but there is another limitation, "that does not interest the developers of skyscrapers: the urbanística". In an urban plot, in addition to the height, you have to take into account other factors such as the width of the streets, the ventilation and, of course, the shade that you generate in the city. Alvarez believes that regulations are necessary because "people live in the city."

However, he believes that the skyscraper is a building of the future, "if in a city there are more and more inhabitants and you don't want the city to grow horizontally (maybe there is no room), the city has to grow vertically with skyscrapers. But a balance is necessary: although technology allows you to build a house of 500 meters, it may not be convenient to reach it. We have to see it in every case."

Of the same opinion is Iñaki Aurrekoetxea. As for the possibility of building skyscrapers in the Basque Country, it refers first to "balance": "Balance is needed: height, land occupation, population per square meter, other networks (light, water, sewerage)... All this must be in balance taking advantage of the land we have. Where is the balance? It’s in height, but we have to see to what extent.” Of course, in Euskal Herria there are no giant skyscrapers. The highest is the BEC Tower of Barakaldo, with 98 meters of height, and after a couple of years will be the Iberdrola Tower of Bilbao, with 165 meters.

Who?

Although the excuse for making such giants may be the lack of land to build, behind there are other reasons. According to Iñaki Aurrekoetxea, "it is a challenge of technology: we can and will do it. In the end it's marketing." Ariadna Alvarez is also in that, "it's a question of image." And he adds two reasons, one economic, "the construction is more expensive, but the benefit you get on the ground is much greater," and the other, "is also a demonstration of being able to build in height. First, Chicago and New York began to build the tallest building and then Asia entered the party. And if you realize, behind these buildings there are companies. Therefore, there is also a willingness to show the economic power of the company."

The future of skyscrapers depends on this dispute and, in the near future, companies and architects will maintain the challenge of building ever higher houses (hundreds of skyscrapers under construction or under project).

Ariadna Alvarez classifies as third generation skyscrapers some of the buildings that are being built or already built: "Technology and sustainability perspective have generated organic skyscrapers, say, compared to second-generation buildings, built by architects of the modern movement and the next generation. I think contemporary architects have internalized another way of creating buildings: they have internalized that the city must be taken into account (with different results), that is, that the building is in an urban environment and must respond to it. I call them third-generation buildings, including Nouvel and Z. Hadid, for example."

(Photo: Foster+Partners)

"In third generation skyscrapers the concept of height is replaced by density. And that's the key to deciding how to build the city with tall houses and how to work the vertical city (vertical city growth)."

Another option is to convert the building into a city, that is, to have all the services that the city offers without leaving the building: cafes, restaurants, hospitals, cinemas, as well as parks and meeting gardens. One of the main drivers of this concept is Norman Foster, who pioneered the Millenium tower designed for Tokyo in 1989. It showed that a high density area can be a nice place of residence.

In this type of building cities sustainability is especially important: ventilation is designed by driving the natural air stream, energy can be extracted from biomass, even taking advantage of solar and wind energy. No building has yet been executed that fulfills this idea, but once executed it will be a real revolution.