A study in twelve European cities has measured the effects of air pollution. If in one day the rate of sulfur dioxide (SO2) or black fumes heavily charged in particles per cubic meter increases by 50 micrograms, mortality increases by 3%. When pollution is primarily the finest particle emitted by diesel engines, mortality increases by 2%.
The average pollution in Europe is not the same in all cities. Krakow and Milan are the most polluted.